• 专利附录
  • 专利说明
  • 权利要求
  • 类似技术
  • 同族专利
  • 引用文献
  • 法律状态
  • 优先权
    • 专利摘要:
    ELECTRO IMPEDANCE TOMOGRAPHY PROCESS. The present invention relates to an electro-impedance tomography process so that in the presence of a defective electrode (A) an evaluation and reconstruction is made possible. The process is characterized by the steps that through an impedance measurement, identify an electrode as a defective electrode (A) that does not have body contact, perform current supply in such a way that at least the defective electrode (A) and potentials are exceeded voltage in the area of the defective electrode (A) through the defective electrode (A) will be so determined that the defective electrode (A) is exceeded at least once. (figure 4c).
    公开号:BR102012006039B1
    申请号:R102012006039-6
    申请日:2012-03-16
    公开日:2021-04-06
    发明作者:Yvo Gärber；Thomas Gallus
    申请人:Dräger Medical GmbH；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

    [0001] [001] The present invention relates to the electro-impedance tomography process.
    [0002] [002] Electro-impedance tomography (EIT) is being progressively used in the clinical area. Typical EIT devices employ 8, 16 or 32 electrodes for data acquisition, with two electrodes supplying current and between the remaining electrodes the resulting voltage will be measured. By combining different fed values and measurements, it is possible to produce a signal vector from which, by means of an appropriate algorithm, the impedance distribution can be determined, that is, in the functional EIT (fEIT) the relative change in the distribution impedance compared to the reference value in the electrode plane. This last procedure will be used in the state-dependent thoracic functional electro-impedance, in which N electrodes are arranged in an annular shape around the chest in order to reconstruct from the comparison of the signal vectors in different pulmonary states, for example, at the end of a inspiration and at the end of an inspiration, a sectional image of the change in relative impedance conditioned by ventilation, which represents a measure for resolved regional pulmonary monitoring of ventilation, especially in emergency clinics in hospitals. An electro-impedance tomography device is described, for example, in US 5 919 142 A.
    [0003] [003] A data recording strategy frequently used is the so-called adjacent data capture, in which, by two adjacent electrodes, the current is fed and the voltages between the remaining adjacent electrodes will be measured, and electrodes, due to the unknown voltage drops will be extended by the current conducting electrodes. For a current supply position, therefore, thirteen voltage values result. For the current supply through a subsequent pair of electrodes thirteen voltages result again so that altogether 16 * 13 = 208 voltage measurement values will be present from which with a reconstruction standard, valid for this form of the recording of data, the impedance distribution can be determined, that is, relative change in the impedance distribution when using 208 reference voltages. A dice game of this kind that contains at least once all independent measurements without repetition and which is used for the reconstruction of an EIT image, will be designated as "Frame". A dice game for a partial region, that is, a partial frame. There are also numerous other modes for capturing data with power supply and / or measuring the voltage through several electrodes, which is equivalent due to reciprocity. The advantage of the adjacent data logging mode is the complete data space because there are no longer independent measured values. All other data recording modes can be constructed in a simple way from the linearity of the so-called Neuman-Dirichlet Abbildung ˄σ (I) ^ U image from the data space of the adjacent data recording mode, from a simple way, and also allows it to be easily reproduced on EIT hardware with a high degree of sensitivity for determining relative changes in impedance.
    [0004] [004] There are different reconstruction methods to be able to draw conclusions from the measured voltages as to the impedance distribution within the field enclosed by the electrodes. Examples for reconstruction methods are the rear projection method, techniques based on the Kalman filter or Newton Ra-phson processes, based on techniques or sensitivities based on finite elements of models. The latter will now be used frequently because of the greater flexibility.
    [0005] [005] One point is common to all EIT systems in data recording and reconstruction. The systems operate only by analyzing the data of the complete set of electrodes. However, it is not uncommon, in clinical practice, to present the case that, for example, due to bandages or drains, the electrical contact of an electrode or several electrodes with the skin is no longer possible, especially when using a belt of easy-to-handle electrodes, when the position of the electrodes cannot be randomly changed. These contact-free electrodes are hereinafter referred to as defective electrodes. In such cases, conventional EIT systems fail. In the worst case, the system goes into undefined states and at best, in a defined state, and data that can be evaluated later can only be obtained when the defective electrodes have contact again. In no way, the EIT and conventional systems provide values that can be evaluated in the disconnected case because neither the data record nor the reconstruction are conformed to the failure of electrodes.
    [0006] [006] The objective of the present invention is to propose a process for electro-impedance tomography so that in the presence of at least one defective electrode, an evaluation and reconstruction is made possible.
    [0007] [007] The solution to the task results from the characteristics of claim 1.
    [0008] [008] The process according to the invention covers the following steps: by means of an impedance measurement, at least one electrode will be identified as a defective electrode that has no body contact, current supply must be carried out in such a way that at least the defective electrode (A) is exceeded and Voltage potentials in the defective electrode range (A) will be determined through the defective electrode (A) in such a way that the defective electrode (A) is exceeded at least once.
    [0009] [009] The control software, that is, the device reconstruction is so designed that, despite the lack or non-use of at least one electrode, measurement data can be obtained by overcoming this defective electrode or defective barium electrodes . By means of an adequate data assessment for this operational state, impedance distributions will be determined, that is, relative impedance distributions "that do not essentially differ" from the results that would have been received in the case of full functionality. "Non-essential" means, for example, that the difference in the form of image points from the image values (fEIT) between full and restricted functionality no longer differ except on the basis of a predetermined value or by a predetermined image point, in a way that a clinical interpretation is still possible. The EIT system is in a position to automatically identify the defective electrode, send a message to the user, adjust the data acquisition mode (DAQ-Mode) and the reconstruction, in case the failure cannot be remedied.
    [0010] [010] The device for electro-impedance tomography is so shaped that in the event of failure of one electrode or several electrodes for supplying the current and eventually measuring the voltage, the EIT system acquires a defined state and the functional capacity of the different electrodes will be continuously controlled, preferably by a measurement of transition impedance between electrode-epidermal contact. An electrode is considered to have functional capacity when, for example, contact with the electrode skin and transition impedances are located above a certain Zout threshold and again as having functional capacity when it is located below a specific Zin threshold with Zin ≤ Zout (hysteresis key). The "in" index applies only to an impedance range within an allowable range and "out" to out of the allowable impedance range.
    [0011] [011] In the case of functional disability verified by one or more electrodes, the hardware of the EIT system is so shaped that the data record will be changed by the command in the sense that the current supply and eventually the current measurement exceeds the minus the defective electrode, so that the defective electrode no longer participates in the current supply and eventually in the voltage measurement, but through the override current supply and eventually in the voltage measurement again electrical information is present from the sensitive field of the defective electrodes. In the case of functional disability verified by one or more electrodes, the EET system software is so conformed that the altered data record reconstruction standard will be adequate so that the reconstructed impedances or impedance changes or relative impedance changes are not met. they differ except for small differences resulting from the resolution, compared to the standard reconstruction, preserving the essential information of the EIT image.
    [0012] [012] In determining the new functional capacity of one or more defective electrodes, the hardware of the EIT system is so shaped that the respective electrode will again be integrated by the command in the normal data record by the current supply and voltage measurement. according to the standard DAQ-mode employed. In the verification of renewed functional capacity of one or more defective electrodes, the software of the EIT system is so conformed that the reconstruction standard corresponding to the DAQ mode standard with reintegrated electrodes for determining impedances, that is, impedance changes , that is, changes in relative impedances, will be used.
    [0013] [013] The advantage of the process according to the invention lies in the fact that with such an EIT system, EIT measurements that can be evaluated can be performed even in the case of a defective electrode, with minimal loss of information. An EIT system or an EIT device without a process of this type or cannot make the measurement or if it can, will result in the loss of measurements recorded by a loss of sensitivity dependent on the region, so that the reconstruction in the image, according to the mode Basic DAQ, will contain a cloudy to blind field. For the contiguous DAQ mode, due to the great sensitivity and maximum data space, the interference will be greater and in the DAQ modes with intermediate electrodes, hereinafter referred to as expansions, the interferences, depending on the expansion, should be lower, because standard jumps are provided. Therefore, interferences due to a basic sensitivity typically worse, including resolution, with increasing expansion, should cover a wider space. But these DAQ modes also benefit, according to the expansion, from the principle of overtaking since by overtaking, once the defective electrode has been reached, instead of accepting the loss of this measurement, information is recovered.
    [0014] [014] In the EIT device according to the invention, by ultra-passage - current supply / current measurement - the data space will be used to the greatest extent possible and, through a corresponding appropriate reconstruction, the loss of information in the EIT image will minimized, so that the EIT image can still be interpreted.
    [0015] [015] As for content, the N-electrode-EIT system becomes an N-D-Electrode-EIT system, where N represents the global number of electrodes used and D represents the number of defective electrodes. This is a fundamental difference for the abandonment of the current supply and voltage measurements in defective participant electrodes without overtaking because here the data space will not be sufficiently covered by the ND electrodes, while when overtaking the compartment data of ND electrodes are covered. maximum.
    [0016] [016] There is also a fundamental difference in relation to the large number of possible DAQ modes and corresponding reconstruction standards (DAQ / REC), whether with current supply models with intermediate electrodes and / or voltage measurements with electrodes in an intermediate position already that it is common to everyone that each electrode of the N electrode system will be contacted. The corresponding reconstruction standards will always be based on N electrodes, briefly the type DAQ / REC (N), while in the process according to the invention, the defective electrodes are completely removed.
    [0017] [017] The figure shows an example for a 16-level EIT system with corresponding data record.
    [0018] [018] The figures show: figure 1 - schematically the principle of an impedance measurement with three electrodes; figure 2 - schematic representation of a data recording mode; figure 3 - schematic representation of the evaluation process with a defective electrode; figure 4a-4c - examples for power supply with defective electrode; figure 5a-5c - reconstructions corresponding to figures 4a-4c.
    [0019] [019] Figure 1 outlines the principle of a three-point impedance measurement, that is, skin-contact electrode. Through two electrodes 1, 2 the current 1 will be fed from a current source 3. The current flows over a left electrode 1 to the body 4 and through the right electrode 2 it leaves the body. Body 4 consists of upper skin layers 5 for contacting electrodes 1, 2 and layers of skin and epidermis and deeper tissues 6. From an electrified electrode, in relation to a reference electrode without current, the voltage measurement will be made. The main voltage drop at the current-conducting electrode 1 occurs during the transition into the body. In the body itself, impedance is comparatively reduced. The potential drop will be measured before an electrode 7 without current because here due to I = 0 there is no voltage drop in the skin-electrode contact. The Ze = U / I impedance between electrodes 1, 7 therefore represents, essentially, the transition impedance between skin-contact electrodes of the current-conducting electrode 1 being considered.
    [0020] [020] The skin electrode-contact transition impedances of all electrodes can thus be measured at least almost continuously, typically one measurement for each partial frame. When electrical contact is not possible, due to I → 0 the impedance increases markedly.
    [0021] [021] Figure 2 shows an example for a contiguous DAQ data record for a 16 EIT electrode system. Partial frame 1: current supply via current source 3 between electrode pair α = 1. All voltages between electrode pairs μ = 3 ... 15 will be measured, indicated in the example as μ = 6 and the arrow rotating bottom 8. Electrode pairs with current-conducting electrodes will not be measured because the electrode-skin transition impedances are either unknown or due to oscillations are too inaccurate. Therefore, for the current supply position α = 1, thirteen voltage measurement values are received. this will be repeated for the current supply position, that is, partial gauges α = 2, α = 3, ... α = 16 for the current arrow 9. For each new current position, the thirteen voltages between the non-conductive electrodes, remaining neighbors. You receive 16 * 13 = 208 measured values or 104 linear and independent measurement values based on reciprocity when changing the supply point and the measurement location. Indexing can be done as mentioned below. The actual embodiment of this mode depends on the basic hardware. Uα (μ) = U α (Iμ) μ, α = 1, ..., 16 electrodes α (μ) → me [1, ..., 208] channel based on m = 1 corresponds (μ = 1, α = 3) based on m = 2 corresponds (μ = 1, α = 4) based on m = 208 matches (μ = 16, α = 14)
    [0022] [022] Figure 3 schematically presents the measurement process based on a block diagram 10 based on the example of a 16 EIT electrode system with neighboring DAQ mode and abandonment of electrode A correspondingly to figure 2.
    [0023] [023] The 16 electrodes are coupled in an 11 DAQ circuit with DAQ command 12 on the base of model DAQ 13.
    [0024] [024] The defective electrode will be identified because it exceeds or falls below threshold values for Zout impedance or for Zin impedance, typically Zin is less than Zout (hysteresis threshold). The evaluation is made by means of an impedance control unit 14. Through the DAQ hardware, current supply samples and voltage measurements are performed. For example, multiplexing circuits in the form of a cascade offer the possibility to realize the pairs of electrodes for the purpose of supplying current measurement current in a manner corresponding to the predetermined DAQ model.
    [0025] [025] The voltage measurement values 208 and the 16 measurement values of the skin contact electrode transition impedances will be selected and typically reach a 15 A / D transformer being subjected to prior processing. The voltage measurement values will be transferred to a computer 16 for reconstruction and image processing and will be processed sequentially on the basis of a REC reconstruction standard from a database 18, being provided through an indicator unit 17.
    [0026] [026] The 16 transition electrodes of skin-contact electrode will be advanced to the impedance control unit 14. In this example, electrode A = 13 will be identified due to too high impedance values, through the Zout threshold as electrode defective. The system occupies a defined safe state. The information will be forwarded to a database for the different DAQ models for the standard case without a defective electrode as well as for (DAQ-00) for the 16 different defective electrodes DAQ-01 ... DAQ-16. Other models are possibly memorized possibly for several defective electrodes. The DAQ-13 overrun model for defective electrodes A will be loaded into the DAQ control. The DAQ unit controls the electrodes in such a way that electrode A is exceeded by the current and voltage supply in a defined way, indicated by the open switch with dashed line 19 in figure 3. The override models may vary according to the hardware and the related possibilities. The DAQ now starts with data recording corresponding to the new DAQ model for the defective electrode A. The data will be classified, transformed A / D and will be integrated for the computer 16 and the impedance control unit 14.
    [0027] [027] The defective electrode A information by the impedance control unit 14 will also be taken to the database 18 for the reconstruction standards corresponding to the applicable DAQ modes, which were previously calculated. It contains the standard reconstruction standard without defective electrode (REC-00), for the 16 different possibilities for a defective electrode (REC-01 ... REC-16) and possibly other additional standards for larger numbers of defective electrodes. Of course, the different reconstruction standards can also be calculated in whole or in part, on the spot, according to the distribution of the memory location and calculation potential. Likewise, the query and data structure for DAQ modes and reconstruction modes may be different, it is important that both always need to be modified: DAQ and the reconstruction standard.
    [0028] [028] The REC-13 reconstruction standard for overcoming defective electrode A will be loaded and sent to the reconstruction and image processing unit. The voltages measured in the new DAQ mode, DAQ-13, can now be reconstructed, evaluated, represented and eventually memorized with minimal loss of information.
    [0029] [029] If the impedance of the electrode A entry falls again below a threshold value of Zin or if other electrodes fail, this will be observed by the electro-impedance control unit and a reaction will be carried out in an analogous manner in such a way that it can always the best possible image quality can be produced.
    [0030] [030] Figures 4 to 4b show different DAQ standards for current supply in the defective electrode A range.
    [0031] [031] Figure 4a shows the arcs 20 for current supplies without defects and voltage measurements where all 16 electrodes have contact with the surface of the epidermis.
    [0032] [032] In the case shown in figure 4b, the defective electrode A has no contact and in the data register it will simply be abandoned. The arcs 21 present the abandoned power supply and voltage measurements in this case.
    [0033] [033] The simple abandonment without overtaking results in very unsatisfactory results. For example, in the case of just one defective electrode, a 52/208 base of measurement, ie 1/4 of all data, would be discarded which constitutes two partial and integral frames and from each other partial frame two measurements! This means that information from the field near the defective electrode A will not be present, which is shown in figure 4b as a "blind spot 22". This results in strong interference with the EIT image in this area.
    [0034] [034] When overcoming the defective electrode A as shown in figure 4c, a large part of the information from the affected field, although also with a slightly worse resolution, can be recovered, which results in EIT images that can be used.
    [0035] [035] In direct overtaking, it is achieved with adjacent B, C electrodes with 15 electrodes, 15 * 12 = 180 measurements, in which two defective electrodes integrated in a neighboring mode with 14 * 11 = 154 measurements. With regard to the defective electrode, at least one overshoot is required 23. Not only are more data available than in abandonment, however, especially data that is sensitive to the impedance change in the affected field, which means an important gain of formation.
    [0036] [036] By additional overtaking 24, 25 in addition to the Feituous A electrode, the reconstruction may be further improved. Ultrapassage 24 begins at electrode D that precedes electrode B and extends to electrode C. Override 25 begins at electrode E that precedes electrode C and extends to electrode B. The form of the concrete override depends on the solution of concrete hardware, for example, of the concrete realization of a multi-tiplexer cascade formation.
    [0037] [037] Figures 5a through 5c again show the effects of defective electrode A on the EIT image of the pulmonary ventilation of an examined person. Data were recorded with a 16-electrode EIT system in contiguous DAQ mode. Figure 5a corresponds to figure 4a, with a complete data set of all 16 electrodes. Figure 5b shows the effect of the blind spot 22 in the case of inadmissible abandonment of the affected measurements, around the defective electrode A, and according to figure 4b. Figure 5c shows the recovery of information by measuring overtaking with a reduced loss of resolution. From figures 5a to 5c it follows that the functionality and the possibility of interpreting the EIT with the overtaking process according to the invention remains fully preserved. Numerical Ratio of Components 1 Left electrode 2 Right electrode 3 Current source 4 Body 5 Upper skin layer 6 Deeper fabric layer 7 Electrode without current 8 Bottom rotating arrow 9 Chain arrow 10 Block diagram 11 DAQ-circuit 12 DAQ-activation 13 DAQ-model-base 14 Impedance control unit 15 A / D transformer 16 Computer 17 Indicator unit 18 Database 19 Dashed line 20 Arc for measuring without interference 21 Abandoned measuring arc 22 Blind spot 23,24,25 Overtaking A defective electrode B, C Electrode adjacent to the defective electrode D, E Previous electrode of adjacent electrode
    权利要求:
    Claims (4)
    [0001]
    Process for recording data through a device for electro-impedance tomography, characterized by the fact that electrodes are conductively attached at distances in the circumference of a person's body, in order to generate from differential measurements of voltage potential caused by current feeds through a pair of electrodes on the remaining electrodes, by means of a reconstruction algorithm, thus obtaining an image of the electrical resistance on the transverse surface covered by the electrodes, with the following steps: by means of an impedance measurement, identify an electrode as a defective electrode (A) that does not have body contact; supply current in such a way that at least the defective electrode (A) is exceeded; and determine voltage potentials in the defective electrode range (A) through the defective electrode (A) in such a way that the defective electrode (A) is exceeded at least once.
    [0002]
    Process according to claim 1, characterized by the fact that a first override (23) occurs over the electrodes (B, C) located adjacent to the defective electrode (A).
    [0003]
    Process according to either of Claims 1 or 2, characterized by the fact that, in another override (24, 25), the electrodes (B, C) located adjacent to the defective electrode (A), will be overtaken in addition to the defective electrode ( THE).
    [0004]
    Process according to claim 3, characterized in that, in a second or third override (24, 25), an adjacent electrode (D, E) and one adjacent to the upstream or downstream of the adjacent electrode are used.
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    法律状态:
    2013-05-14| B03A| Publication of a patent application or of a certificate of addition of invention [chapter 3.1 patent gazette]|
    2018-12-18| B06F| Objections, documents and/or translations needed after an examination request according [chapter 6.6 patent gazette]|
    2020-09-29| B06U| Preliminary requirement: requests with searches performed by other patent offices: procedure suspended [chapter 6.21 patent gazette]|
    2021-02-23| B09A| Decision: intention to grant [chapter 9.1 patent gazette]|
    2021-04-06| B16A| Patent or certificate of addition of invention granted [chapter 16.1 patent gazette]|Free format text: PRAZO DE VALIDADE: 20 (VINTE) ANOS CONTADOS A PARTIR DE 16/03/2012, OBSERVADAS AS CONDICOES LEGAIS. |
    优先权:
    申请号 | 申请日 | 专利标题
    DE102011014107.3A|DE102011014107B4|2011-03-16|2011-03-16|Method for the identification of a defective electrode in electroimpedance tomography|
    DE102011014107.3|2011-03-16|
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